The effects of emotions on the disposition to normative and non-normative political action in the context of the Chilean post-social outburst.

This article analyzes the role of Chileans' emotions as predictors of normative and non-normative political action in the context of the post-social outbreak and the constituent process. We carried out three descriptive studies: first, a study conducted 1 year after the social outburst (n = 607), a second one carried out before the constitutional referendum (n = 320), and a third study conducted after the constitutional referendum (n = 210). The results indicated that participants present a higher disposition to normative over non-normative political action, although both lose strength as the studies temporally move away from the social outburst. Also, our research established that emotions directed towards different events related to the Chilean political process play a conspicuous role in predicting the disposition to mobilize in a normative and non-normative way.

Evaluation of the generation of reactive oxygen species and antibacterial activity of honey as a function of its phenolic and mineral composition.

The antibacterial activity (ABA) of honey is associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), where polyphenols (PFs) play a key role due to their pro-oxidant action modulated by metallic cations. In this work, the contents of PFs, H2O2, OH radicals, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, and ABA against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were determined in honeys from central Chile. Then, their relationships were evaluated through partial least squares regression. The average contents of phenolic acids, flavonoids and metals in honey ranged from 0.4 to 4 µg/g, 0.3-1.5 µg/g and 3-6 µg/g, respectively. All honeys showed accumulation of H2O2 (1-35 µg/g) and OH radicals. The PLS showed that gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, chrysin, kaempferol, Fe, and Mn stimulate the generation of ROS. Quercetin, Cu, and Zn showed marginal antioxidant effects. PFs favor the ABA of honey against both bacteria and H2O2 against S. epidermidis.

Memories of Boys, Girls, and Adolescent Victims of Political Prison and Torture by the Chilean Military-Civilian Dictatorship.

This article reconstructs and analyzes the memories of victims of political prison and torture during the Chilean Military-Civilian Dictatorship who were minors when they experienced this violence. Participants in the study were 11 adults, six women and five men from the region of Valparaíso, who were victims of State terrorism during childhood and adolescence. The information production technique used was the focus group. A textual analysis was performed, based on interdisciplinary contributions from interpretation theory and discourse theories. The analysis of the information identified distinctive elements in the traumatic memories according to the sex-gender system associated with the private/public and passivity/agency dimensions. The results of this study reveal the urgent need to recognize boys, girls, and adolescents as people with rights who should be protected by both adults and States. Moreover, these results emphasize the need to implement early intervention programs in people affected by psychosocial traumas and disasters of different types, and improve their quality of life.

Xenofobia y Homofobia como Efectos de la Orientación Política, Religión y Sexo Mediados por Clasismo y Patriocentrismo en Jóvenes Universitarios Chilenos / Xenophobia and Homophobia as Effects of Politics, Religion and Sex Orientation Measured by Classism and Patriocentrism in Chilean University Students / Xenofobia e Homofobia como Efeitos da Orientação Política, da Religião e do Sexo Mediados por Classismo e Patriocentrismo em Jovens Universitários Chilenos

Resumen La presente investigación examina, en estudiantes universitarios chilenos, la relación entre xenofobia, homofobia y las variables: sexo, religión y orientación política. También se evalúa el papel mediador del clasismo y patriocentrismo en la relación entre las variables sociodemográficas y la xenofobia y homofobia. Se utilizó metodología cuantitativa con diseño descriptivo correlacional. Los participantes fueron 509 estudiantes, con promedio de 20,81 años de edad (DT = 2,25). Se utilizó un cuestionario abreviado basado en la Encuesta de Tolerancia y No Discriminación. Los análisis de varianza mostraron que existen diferencias significativas en función de sexo, religión y orientación política. Las mujeres obtuvieron puntajes significativamente menores que los hombres en homofobia, las personas no religiosas y de izquierda obtuvieron menores puntuaciones en todas las dimensiones analizadas comparado con las personas religiosas y de derecha. Los análisis de mediación múltiple mostraron que las variables mediadoras explican esas diferencias en la homofobia y la xenofobia.

Abstract This research examines in Chilean university students the relationship between xenophobia and homophobia with socio-demographic variables (sex, religion and political orientation), and the mediating role of classism and patrio-centrism in the relationship of socio-demographic variables with xenophobia and homophobia. We applied quantitative methodology with correlational design. The study involved 509 students, with mean age of 20.81 years (SD= 2.25). The participants answered a questionnaire based on the Survey of Tolerance and Non-Discrimination. The analysis of variance showed that there are significant differences by sex, religion and political orientation. Women showed lower levels of homophobia compared to women, and non-believers and left-wing participants scored lower in all dimensiones analyzed compared to believers and right-wing participants. Furthermore, multiple mediation analyses showed that patrio-centrism and classism explain differences in homophobia and xenophobia.

Resumo Esta pesquisa examina, em estudantes universitários chilenos, a relação entre xenofobia, homofobia e as variáveis: orientação política, religião e sexo. Também se avalia o papel mediador do classismo e do patriocentrismo na relação entre as variáveis sociodemográficas e a xenofobia e a homofobia. Utilizou-se metodologia quantitativa com desenho descritivo correlacional. Participaram 509 estudantes, com média de 20.81 anos de idade (dp=2.25). Empregou-se um questionário abreviado baseado na Enquete de Tolerância e Não Discriminação. As análises de variação mostraram que existem diferenças significativas em função de orientação política, religião e sexo. As mulheres obtiveram pontuações significativamente menores do que os homens em homofobia; as pessoas não religiosas e de esquerda tiveram menores pontuações em todas as dimensões analisadas, em comparação com as religiosas e de direita. As análises de mediação múltipla mostraram que as variáveis mediadoras explicam essas diferenças na homofobia e na xenofobia.

Transmisión y apropiación de la historia de prisión política: transgeneracionalidad del trauma psicosocial en nietos de ex presos políticos de la dictadura militar chilena / Transmission and appropriation of political imprisonment stories: the transgenerational nature of psychosocial trauma in grandchildren of former political prisoners of the Chilean military dictatorship

Se presentan resultados de un estudio que abordó la transmisión transgeneracional del trauma psicosocial en la tercera generación de víctimas de la dictadura militar chilena. Participaron 14 jóvenes, nietos de ex presos políticos, de 21.4 años de edad en promedio, provenientes de las regiones Metropolitana y de La Araucanía. Mediante el uso de relatos de vida, se les solicitó contar su historia como nieto de una persona víctima de prisión política. Los resultados permiten distinguir un proceso narrativo que, desde ciertas etapas, va articulando la historia de vida de los nietos, inscribiéndola en una lógica de transmisión y apropiación transgeneracional del trauma psicosocial asociada a la historia y memoria familiar respecto a la experiencia traumática, persistiendo en sus familias una dinámica de evitación y de silencio en torno a la experiencia de tortura, la que determina las particularidades de la relación de los nietos con esta experiencia traumática.

The article presents the results of a study on the transgenerational transmission of psychosocial trauma in the third generation of victims of the Chilean military dictatorship. The participants were 14 young people, grandchildren of former political prisoners, aged 21.4 on average, living in the Metropolitan and Araucanía regions. They were asked to use life stories to share their experiences as grandchildren of victims of political imprisonment. The results reveal a narrative process, which, beginning at certain stages, articulates the life stories of grandchildren framing it in a logic of transmission and transgenerational appropriation of the psychosocial trauma associated with the family's history and memory about the traumatic experience. Families remain engaged in a dynamic of avoidance and silence regarding the experience of torture, which determines the characteristics of the relationship of grandchildren with this traumatic experience.

Consumo de alcohol y drogas en adolescentes evaluado a través del MMPI-A / Alcohol and drugs use in adolescents assessed through the MMPI-A

Currently, the consumption of alcohol and drugs is a major public health problem worldwide due to its high social and economic impact. In Chile, the highest prevalence and greatest drug consumption rates occur in young people aged 19 to 25 years. Adolescence is the most vulnerable development stage for starting drug use. The latest study from CONACE (Chilean National Council for Drugs Control) in school population indicates that 15.1% of students report having used marijuana in the past year, while 33% admitted current use of tobacco and 36% of alcohol. Drug use among adolescents is exacerbated upon verification of its relationship with other risk behaviors as law transgressions, sexual promiscuity, teenage pregnancy and family difficulties. This situation has led various theorists to develop psychological assessment tools to specifically detect and evaluate drug use in adolescence. Among the instruments for psychological assessment, self-report measures have been the most widely used method to evaluate the use of alcohol and other drugs and their associated problems. One of the greatest strengths of self-report measures is that they can detect problems related to drugs in people who for various reasons would like to hide their status of substance abusers. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory for Adolescents (MMPI-A) is one of the best self-report instruments for clinical assessment in adolescent population. The MMPI-A consists of 478 items with True and False response format and it has three scales that specifically detect substance abuse problems; they are: MacAndrew's Alcoholism Scale Revised (MAC-R, in Spanish MAC-A), Alcohol/Drug Problem Acknowledgement Scale (ACK, in Spanish RPAD) and Alcohol/Drug Problem Proneness Scale (PRO, in Spanish TPAD). In Chile, there is a MMPI-A version which has empirical studies that support its use with general population Chilean adolescents. These studies also highlight the usefulness that MAC, ACK and PRO scales could have to provide detailed information on specific features that would impact on the use of alcohol and drugs. The aim of this study was to examine the ability of the MMPI-A Chilean version to detect substance abuse problems in specific settings. Its objectives were: 1. to determine the applicability of MAC-R, ACK and PRO scales in different samples of Chilean adolescents, 2. to evaluate the ability of these scales to discriminate problematic substance use in adolescents with and without other clinical problems, and 3. to propose discriminative cut-off scores for the indicated scales. In order to accomplish these goals, we used a quantitative methods approach with a descriptive correlational design for three independent groups. The sample comprised 74 adolescents (44 males and 30 females) with clinical problems that had substance use, diagnosed according to the CONACE criteria for unproblematic consumption categories (occasional and habitual consumption) and DSM-IV criteria for problematic use (abuse and dependence). This group was named "clinical adolescents with consumption" (CCC). Using this group as reference, we selected two additional contrasting groups: a group of adolescents with clinical problems but without substance use called "clinical adolescents without consumption" (CSC; n=71), and a group of school adolescents from general population without substance consumption problems nor other psychopathological problems that would warrant clinical attention called "school-youngsters from general population" (EPG; n=74). The total sample (n=219) had an average age of 16.3 years (SD=1.3) and was collected in urban centers located in south-central Chile. Two instruments were used: The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory for Adolescents (MMPI-A), which provides the three scales for the assessment of substance abuse: the MAC-R scale is a revision of the MAC scale, originally developed by MacAndrew to distinguish alcoholic from non-alcoholic psychiatric outpatients; the other two scales were developed for the assessment of alcohol and other drugs problems among adolescents. Specifically, the ACK scale was a rationally constructed scale of 13 items with obvious content relating to alcohol or other drug use; while the PRO scale was a 36-item scale constructed empirically by selecting items with no-obvious content related to substance uses that discriminated between adolescents who were in treatment for substance abuse and normal adolescents, or adolescents in clinical treatment. In addition, the clinical MMPI-A scales were used as a supplementary measure. The second instrument was a semi-structured clinical interview based on two clinical guides called protocols A and B. Protocol A allows for doing a clinical interview with adolescents starting from two open-ended questions that inquire reasons for consultation and information on family structure and dynamics. It also checks symptoms in six areas including school, behavioral, emotional, physical, sexual and interpersonal symptoms. Behavioral symptoms include the checking out for consumption of alcohol and drugs. Those adolescents who respond positively to the consumption of alcohol and drugs must answer Protocol B. This is a clinical guide of ad hoc construction, based on the criteria used by the CONACE for the diagnosis of non-problematic use of substances and the DSM-IV criteria for diagnosis of drug abuse and dependence.

En la actualidad, el consumo de alcohol y drogas es uno de los mayores problemas de salud pública en el mundo, debido a su alto costo social y económico. En Chile, las prevalencias más altas y la mayor intensidad en el consumo de drogas se registran en los jóvenes de 19 a 25 años, siendo la adolescencia la etapa más vulnerable para el inicio del consumo de drogas. El último estudio del CONACE (Comisión Nacional de Control de Estupefacientes) en población escolar señala que 15.1% de los estudiantes chilenos declaran haber consumido marihuana en el último año, mientras que 33% reconoce un consumo actual de tabaco y 36% de alcohol. El consumo de drogas en adolescentes se agrava al comprobarse su relación con otras conductas de riesgo, lo que plantea la necesidad de desarrollar instrumentos de evaluación psicológica que consideren el consumo de drogas en la adolescencia de modo específico. Entre los instrumentos de evaluación psicológica, las medidas de autorreporte han sido el método más utilizado para evaluar el uso de alcohol y drogas, pues permiten detectar este problema en personas que por diferentes motivos desearían esconder su condición de abusadores de sustancias. Uno de los instrumentos de autorreporte es el Inventario Multifásico de la Personalidad de Minnesota para Adolescentes (MMPI-A) el cual posee tres escalas que evalúan el consumo de alcohol y drogas: Alcoholismo de MacAndrew Revisada (MAC-A; en inglés, MAC-R), Reconocimiento de Problemas con el Alcohol y/o Drogas (RPAD; en inglés, ACK) y Tendencia a Problemas con el Alcohol y/o Drogas (TPAD; en inglés, PRO). Aunque en Chile existe una versión en español de la prueba y estudios empíricos que respaldan su uso con adolescentes chilenos, no se había estudiado su funcionamiento con adolescentes consumidores de drogas, lo cual motivó el desarrollo de la presente investigación. Los objetivos del estudio fueron: 1. conocer el comportamiento de las escalas MAC-A, RPAD y TPAD en diferentes muestras de adolescentes chilenos, 2. evaluar la capacidad de estas escalas para discriminar el consumo problemático de sustancias en adolescentes con y sin otros problemas clínicos y 3. proponer puntajes de corte discriminativos para las escalas señaladas. La muestra está compuesta por 74 adolescentes (44 hombres y 30 mujeres) con problemas clínicos que presentaban consumo de sustancias, diagnosticado según los criterios del CONACE para las categorías de consumo no problemático (ocasional y habitual) y del DSM-IV para el consumo problemático (abuso y dependencia). Este grupo fue denominado adolescentes Clínicos Con Consumo (CCC). A partir de él se seleccionó a dos grupos de contrastación: un grupo de adolescentes consultantes por problemas clínicos pero sin consumo de sustancias, los cuales fueron denominados adolescentes Clínicos Sin Consumo (CSC) y un grupo de adolescentes escolarizados de población general sin problemas de consumo ni otros problemas psicopatológicos que ameritaran una consulta clínica, denominados adolescentes Escolares de Población General (EPG). Los principales resultados de este estudio muestran que el MMPI-A es capaz de discriminar a los adolescentes clínicos consumidores de drogas de los adolescentes clínicos sin consumo y de los escolares de población general. Las puntuaciones de las escalas clínicas en general son superiores en los dos grupos de procedencia clínica que en el grupo normal. Las escalas suplementarias, MAC-A, RPAD y TPAD, poseen una capacidad de discriminación muy alta; la mayor capacidad de discriminación de las tres escalas se logra al diferenciar entre los adolescentes del grupo CCC y los del grupo EPG en los dos sexos, siendo TPAD la que mejor discrimina. Además, cabe destacar la utilidad de MAC-A y RPAD para distinguir entre adolescentes con consumo problemático y no problemático. Estos resultados demuestran la utilidad del MMPI-A para evaluar a adolescentes chilenos con sospecha de consumo de drogas e incentivan el estudio, adaptación y utilización de este instrumento en Latinoamérica.

[Application of the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI) to adolescent drug abusers]. / Adolescentes con trastorno por consumo de sustancias: una caracterización de personalidad a través de las normas chilenas del MACI.

BACKGROUND: Adolescence is the most vulnerable development stage to start drug abuse in our country. Moreover, adolescent personality may be an individual risk factor for drug abuse. AIM: To characterize the personality of adolescent drug abusers using the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI) and its Chilean norms. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Adolescents consulting in a mental health facility were studied. MACI was applied to 46 subjects, aged 16 +/- 1 years (30 males) with a history of drug abuse and compared with 58 peers aged 15 +/- 2 years (34 males) without such history. RESULTS: Male and female drug abuser adolescents had a transgressor type of personality. Males had a high degree of sociability and unrestrained sexuality while females present signs of sexual abuse, suicide risk, and a more severe personality disorder. CONCLUSIONS: The personality traits detected in this group of drug abuser adolescents using Chilean norms is similar to those detected abroad and should help to plan rehabilitation.

Adolescentes con trastorno por consumo de sustancias: Una caracterización de personalidad a través de las normas chilenas del MACI / Application of Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI) to drug abuser adolescents

Background: Adolescence is the most vulnerable development stage to start drug abuse in our country. Moreover, adolescent personality may be an individual rísk factor for drug abuse. Aim: To characterize the personality of adolescent drug abusers using the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI) and its Chilean norms. Patients and methods: Adolescents consulting in a mental health facility were studied. MACI was applied to 46 subjects, aged 16 ± 1 years (30 males) with a history of drug abuse and compared with 58 peers aged 15 ± 2 years (34 males) without such history. Results: Male and female drug abuser adolescents had a transgressor type of personality. Males had a high degree of sociability and unrestrained sexuality while females present signs of sexual abuse, suicide rísk, and a more severe personality disorder. Conclusions: The personality traits detected in this group of drug abuser adolescents using Chilean norms is similar to those detected abroad and should help to plan rehabilitation.